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ACJR Publications

ACJR Publications This section contains ACJR publications and those of CSPRI (Civil Society Prison Reform Initiative), its predecessor. https://admin.acjr.org.za/acjr-publications/pub-home https://admin.acjr.org.za/logo.png

ACJR Publications

This section contains ACJR publications and those of CSPRI (Civil Society Prison Reform Initiative), its predecessor.

Research Reports

Report - Overview and key findings COVID-19 restrictions and the impact on criminal justice and human rights (Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, South Africa & Zambia)
This report makes a number of overview observations dealing with broader issues ... This report makes a number of overview observations dealing with broader issues of governance, human rights, the socio-economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and the criminal justice system. A central lesson to be taken from these findings is the need for continued vigilance in seeking a balancing of rights and the importance of evidence-based policy-making, especially where there is the potential that those already socio-economically vulnerable may be pushed deeper into poverty. Report by L Muntingh, J Mangwanda & K Petersen

Jul 29, 2022
Annexure One: COVID-19 restrictions and the impact on criminal justice and human rights | Kenya
Report by J Mangwanda & K Petersen (2022) ... Report by J Mangwanda & K Petersen (2022)

Jul 28, 2022
Annexure Two: COVID-19 restrictions and the impact on criminal justice and human rights | Malawi
Report by K Petersen and J Mangwanda (2022) ... Report by K Petersen and J Mangwanda (2022)

Jul 28, 2022

Research Reports - More…

Peer-reviewed Publications

Journal Article: Africa, Prisons and COVID-19 Journal for Human Rights Practice; Volume 12, No 2
Africa’s prisons are a long-standing concern for rights defenders given the pr ... Africa’s prisons are a long-standing concern for rights defenders given the prevalence of rights abuses, overcrowding, poor conditions of detention and the extent to which the criminal justice system is used to target the poor. The paper surveys 24 southern and east African countries within the context of COVID-19. Between 5 March and 15 April 2020 COVID-19 had spread to 23 southern and east African countries, except Lesotho. The overwhelming majority of these countries imposed general restrictions on their populations from March 2020 and nearly all restricted visits to prisons to prevent the spread of the coronavirus. The pandemic and government responses demonstrated the importance of reliable and up to date data on the prison population, and any confined population, as it became evident that such information is sorely lacking. The World Health Organization recommended the release of prisoners to ease congestion, a step supported by the UN Subcommittee on Prevention of Torture. However, the lack of data and the particular African context pose some questions about the desirability of such a move. The curtailment of prison visits by external persons also did away with independent oversight even in states parties to the Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture (OPCAT). In the case of South Africa, prison monitors were not listed in the ensuing legislation as part of essential services and thus were excluded from access to prisons. In the case of Mozambique, it was funding being placed on hold by the donor community that prevented the Human Rights Commission from visiting prisons. The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted long-standing systemic problems in Africa’s prisons. Yet African states have remained remarkably reluctant to engage in prison reform, despite the fact that poorly managed prisons pose a significant threat to general public health care.

Jul 06, 2021
Journal article: Democratic policing: A conceptual framework
Democratic policing, as opposed to regime policing, must meet at least three req ... Democratic policing, as opposed to regime policing, must meet at least three requirements: there is democratic accountability of and for the police; the police adhere to the rule of law; and the police behave in a manner that is procedurally fair in service of the public. The article presents a conceptual framework of nine dimensions applicable to different contexts with a view to facilitate policies and practices towards democratic policing. It is argued that the ultimate result being sought is a legitimate police service. If legitimacy is the result, then trust is the outcome preceding it. Legitimacy is dependent on the public’s trust that State power will be used in the public interest. Public trust therefore fulfils an important legitimising function. Levels of trust in the police are driven by the police’s ability and performance record with reference to three outputs: objectivity, empathy and responsivity. The latter three outputs flow from five input variables, namely: knowledge of what works in creating a safer society from a policing perspective; rights-based policing; accountability of the policing (inclusive of transparency); efficiency and effectiveness of resource utilisation; and the police as citizens also entitled to rights and protections. The utility of the conceptual framework lies in providing a coherent and linked-up view to analyse police organisations and support the development of reform proposals.

Jun 22, 2021
Journal article: Modest beginnings, high hopes: The Western Cape Police Ombudsman
In 2013 the Western Cape legislature passed the Western Cape Community Safety Ac ... In 2013 the Western Cape legislature passed the Western Cape Community Safety Act (WCCSA) to improve monitoring of and oversight over the police. One creation of the WCCSA is the Western Cape Police Ombudsman, which became operational in 2015. This article reviews its history and context, as well as results from its first year. The Police Ombudsman, the only one in the country, must be seen as one of the results of efforts by the opposition-held province to carve out more powers in the narrowly defined constitutional space, and in so doing to exercise more effective oversight and monitoring of police performance, and improve police–community relations. The Ombudsman must also be seen against the backdrop of poor police–community relations in Cape Town and the subsequent establishment of a provincial commission of inquiry into the problem, a move that was opposed by the national government, contesting its constitutionality. Results from the Ombudsman’s first 18 months in operation are modest, but there are promising signs. Nonetheless, the office is small and it did not do itself any favours by not complying with its legally mandated reporting requirements.

Jun 01, 2018

Peer-reviewed Publications - More…

Opinion-editorials

Op-ed: What the Zondo Commission did not say about the NPA and its need of wide-ranging reform | By Lukas Muntingh
That the Zondo Commission did not make recommendations for systemic reform of th ... That the Zondo Commission did not make recommendations for systemic reform of the National Prosecuting Authority is unfortunate and is a lost opportunity. The NPA is in need of reform and this centres on two issues: institutional independence and accountability.

Sep 29, 2022
ANALYSIS | Jean Redpath: State capture cases - Convictions with heavy sentences needed, not amnesty
There is ample domestic and international evidence suggesting that the longer a ... There is ample domestic and international evidence suggesting that the longer a case is delayed, the less likely is a conviction, as memories fade, evidence is lost, people die, and the urgency of the matter fades, writes Jean Redpath.

Sep 16, 2022
ANALYSIS : Two Zondo Commission reports are out. What now for the NPA? By Jean Redpath
Given the NPA's track record so far, a drastic departure from the current appro ... Given the NPA's track record so far, a drastic departure from the current approach appears to be necessary when dealing with prosecuting those implicated in the Zondo report.

Feb 03, 2022

Opinion-editorials - More…

Statement by the DJF on the delay in giving effect to the Sonke decision on the independence of the Judicial Inspectorate
In December 2020, the Constitutional Court confirmed the order of constitutional ... In December 2020, the Constitutional Court confirmed the order of constitutional invalidity made by the Western Cape High Court in Sonke Gender Justice NPC v President of the Republic of South Africa and Others regarding certain provisions of the Correctional Services Act dealing with the independence of the Judicial Inspectorate for Correctional Services. The Court gave Parliament two years to rectify these issues; an approach that has been used previously by the Court. The two-year period will lapse on 3 December 2022, which is less than three months into the future. The Detention Justice Forum calls on all relevant state actors to make public the plan for meaningful public participation on the draft Bill and all steps necessary to ensure that the Sonke decision is substantively given effect to.

Sep 23, 2022
Submission on Proposed Regulations in terms of the National Health Act
This submission is in relation to draft regulations published in Gazette 46048 o ... This submission is in relation to draft regulations published in Gazette 46048 of 15 March 2022

May 05, 2022
Statement under Agenda Item 3: Human Rights Situation in Africa | 71st Ordinary Session of the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights
ACJR statement to the African Commission under the item Human Rights Situation i ... ACJR statement to the African Commission under the item Human Rights Situation in Africa addresses the concerns around African States' handling of the COVID-19 pandemic and the fact that law enforcement officials implicated in rights violations against citizens in the context of COVID-19 have not been held accountable for their actions.

Apr 26, 2022

Submissions - More…

Fact and information sheets

Fact Sheet 9: Failing to discipline in SAPS
Recent media reports showed again how police officials grossly misused their pow ... Recent media reports showed again how police officials grossly misused their power and, against departmental prescripts, used a 'sjambok' to assault a man for apparently not wearing a mask. Such reports are not isolated and have a very direct impact on trust in the police and thus the legitimacy of the police. The core of the problem seems to be twofold (1) that SAPS managers are not enforcing the internal disciplinary code, and (2) the National Prosecuting Authority (NPA) very rarely prosecutes police officials, especially for human rights violations. We have updated ACJR Fact sheet 9 (originally published in February 2019) with statistics for the past two financial years and it appears that the situation has worsened. This does not bode well for general trust in the state and specifically in the police. There is little sense in tough talk about law enforcement when the police themselves are not being held accountable and increasingly regarded as hostile to the general public.

Jan 28, 2021
Folha Informativa 15 (Port.): Policiamento Democrático: Um Quadro Conceptual
Esta folha informativa discute o policiamento democrático como significando: (1 ... Esta folha informativa discute o policiamento democrático como significando: (1) a obediência da Polícia ao Estado de Direito, (2) a responsabilização da Polícia, e (3) a justiça processual por parte da Polícia ao serviço do público. Nove dimensões necessárias ao policiamento democrático são identificadas, sendo que o resultado final pretendido é a confiança pública na Polícia, algo que resulta da sua legitimidade. O quadro conceptual apresentado não se destina apenas a descrever o policiamento democrático, mas também a orientar o planeamento estratégico nas organizações policiais, incluindo a Polícia da República de Moçambique (PRM).

Jan 24, 2021
Fact Sheet 17: The right of prisoners to vote in Africa (Updated)
This fact-sheet provides a brief update on the right of prisoners to vote in Afr ... This fact-sheet provides a brief update on the right of prisoners to vote in Africa. There have been substantive advances and breakthroughs in the promotion of this right as courts in Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria, South Africa, Zambia and most recently in Uganda have granted prisoners the right to vote. In Mozambique, the Ombudsman has made a recommendation that measures be put in place to allow prisoners to vote in future elections. The enfranchisement of prisoners is a positive step in the promotion of their basic human rights, it is therefore important that countries on the continent that are still lagging behind consider the above examples and follow suit.

Jul 13, 2020

Fact and information sheets - More…

Statement by the DJF on the delay in giving effect to the Sonke decision on the independence of the Judicial Inspectorate
In December 2020, the Constitutional Court confirmed the order of constitutional ... In December 2020, the Constitutional Court confirmed the order of constitutional invalidity made by the Western Cape High Court in Sonke Gender Justice NPC v President of the Republic of South Africa and Others regarding certain provisions of the Correctional Services Act dealing with the independence of the Judicial Inspectorate for Correctional Services. The Court gave Parliament two years to rectify these issues; an approach that has been used previously by the Court. The two-year period will lapse on 3 December 2022, which is less than three months into the future. The Detention Justice Forum calls on all relevant state actors to make public the plan for meaningful public participation on the draft Bill and all steps necessary to ensure that the Sonke decision is substantively given effect to.

Sep 23, 2022
Report - Overview and key findings COVID-19 restrictions and the impact on criminal justice and human rights (Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, South Africa & Zambia)
This report makes a number of overview observations dealing with broader issues ... This report makes a number of overview observations dealing with broader issues of governance, human rights, the socio-economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and the criminal justice system. A central lesson to be taken from these findings is the need for continued vigilance in seeking a balancing of rights and the importance of evidence-based policy-making, especially where there is the potential that those already socio-economically vulnerable may be pushed deeper into poverty. Report by L Muntingh, J Mangwanda & K Petersen

Jul 29, 2022
Annexure One: COVID-19 restrictions and the impact on criminal justice and human rights | Kenya
Report by J Mangwanda & K Petersen (2022) ... Report by J Mangwanda & K Petersen (2022)

Jul 28, 2022

Presentations - More…

[Infográfico] Policiamento democrático: Um quadro conceptual para que se torne realidade (Portuguese)
O que é o policiamento democrático? É o mesmo que policiamento numa democraci ... O que é o policiamento democrático? É o mesmo que policiamento numa democracia? Será que sabemos o que podemos esperar da polícia? O que gera confiança na polícia, e o que a corrói? Para investigar estas e outras questões relacionadas, a Africa Criminal Justice Reform (ACJR) fez uma extensa pesquisa sobre o policiamento democrático e desenvolveu um quadro conceptual que define quais são as variáveis de entrada, de saída e o produto para alcançar o resultado final, nomeadamente um serviço policial que goza de legitimidade. Nove variáveis inter-relacionadas e que se reforçam mutuamente distinguem-se para produzir o resultado do policiamento democrático, o que é pelo menos três coisas: a polícia defende e protege o estado de direito; a polícia é responsável, e a polícia trabalha ao serviço do público de uma forma processualmente justa.

Jun 01, 2022
الفقر ليس جريمة - عدم تجريم الفقر والوضع الاجتماعي (Arabic)
كان مركز إصلاح العدالة الجنائية في أفريقيا ( ... كان مركز إصلاح العدالة الجنائية في أفريقيا (ACJR) منذ إنشائه عضوًا في حملة "الفقر ليس جريمة - عدم تجريم الفقر والوضع الاجتماعي". وظلت الحملة تعمل منذ عدة سنوات واتسع نطاقها لتشمل جميع المناطق الأفريقية. وقد برزت أيضًا شعبية لها في أماكن أخرى من العالم. يعكس مخطط المعلومات البياني هذا أبرز العناوين الرئيسية للحملة وإنجازاتها حتى الوقت الحالي.

Apr 07, 2022
Poverty is not a crime - the decriminalisation of poverty and status (English)
ACJR has since its inception been a member of the campaign "Poverty is not a cri ... ACJR has since its inception been a member of the campaign "Poverty is not a crime - the decriminalisation of poverty and status". The campaign has been running for a number of years and expanded to all African regions. It has also found traction elsewhere in the world. This infographic reflects on the campaign high-lights and achievements to date.

Feb 24, 2022

Multimedia - More…

Archived Newsletters

Newsletter 10: Toward better case management in Malawi; toward decriminalisation of petty offences in Africa; toward indicators for pre-trial justice in Africa
Nov 20, 2015
Newsletter 9: Toward indicators for measuring pre-trial detention in Africa; Pre-trial reforms take a step forward in Beira; Evidence for the socio-economic impact of pre-trial detention and implications for rights and states
Apr 24, 2015
Newsletter 8: The right to legal representation in Mozambique and Angola; Kenya by-law arrests; African Commission Pre-trial Guidelines in Angola and Mozambique; South Africa Commission of Inquiry pre-trial findings and recommendations
Aug 28, 2014

Archived Newsletters - More…